Corrosion series

Element / Other		Reaction				Electrode Potential (V) (assumptions)
Gold		Au+ + e-	=	Au		1.692
Gold		Au3+ + 3 e-	=	Au		1.498
Chlorine		Cl2(g) + 2 e-	=	2 Cl-		1.35827
Oxygen, Hydrogen (acid)		O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-	=	2 H2O		1.229
Platinum		Pt2+ + 2 e-	=	Pt		1.18
Palladium		Pd2+ + 2 e-	=	Pd		0.951
Silver		Ag+ + e-	=	Ag		0.7996
Oxygen, Hydrogen (acid)		O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e-	=	H2O2		0.695
Copper		Cu+ + e-	=	Cu		0.521
Oxygen, Water		O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e-	=	4 OH-		0.401
Copper		Cu2+ + 2 e-	=	Cu		0.3419
Hydrogen (acid)		2 H+ + 2 e-	=	H2		0
Iron		Fe3+ + 3 e-	=	Fe		-0.037
Lead		Pb2+ + 2 e-	=	Pb		-0.1262
Tin		Sn2+ + 2 e-	=	Sn		-0.1375
Oxygen, Water		O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e-	=	H2O2 + 2 OH-		-0.146
Nickel		Ni2+ + 2 e-	=	Ni		-0.257
Cobalt		Co2+ + 2 e-	=	Co		-0.28
Cadmium		Cd2+ + 2 e-	=	Cd		-0.403
Iron		Fe2+ + 2 e-	=	Fe		-0.447
Chromium		Cr3+ + 3 e-	=	Cr		-0.744
Zinc		Zn2+ + 2 e-	=	Zn		-0.7618
Water		2 H2O + 2 e-	=	H2 + 2 OH-		-0.8277
Chromium		Cr2+ + 2 e-	=	Cr		-0.913
Manganese		Mn2+ + 2 e-	=	Mn		-1.185
Titanium		Ti3+ + 3 e-	=	Ti		-1.37
Titanium		Ti2+ + 2 e-	=	Ti		-1.63
Aluminum		Al3+ + 3 e-	=	Al		-1.662
Magnesium		Mg2+ + 2 e-	=	Mg		-2.372
Magnesium		Mg+ + e-	=	Mg		-2.7
Sodium		Na+ + e-	=	Na		-2.71
Calcium		Ca2+ + 2 e-	=	Ca		-2.868
Potassium		K+ + e-	=	K		-2.931
Lithium		Li3+ + e-	=	Li		-3.0401
Calcium		Ca+ + e-	=	Ca		-3.8

Specific Gravity

The Specific Gravity - SG - is a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of density of the material to the density of water at a specified temperature. It is common to use the density of water at 4 ^oC (39 ^oF) as reference - at this point the density of water is at the highest.
Specific gravities - SG - for common solids and metals can be found in the table below:

Product	Specific Gravity - SG -
ABS	1.05
Acrylic	1.19
Alumina	3.4 - 3.6
Aluminum min.	2.55
Aluminum max.	2.8
Aluminum Bronze	7.8
Andesite, solid	2.8
Antimony	6.69
Asbestos, cement board	1.4
Asbestos, mill board	1.0
Asbestos, shredded	0.3 - 0.4
Asbestos, rock	1.6
Asphalt	1.1
Asphaltum	1.4
Bakelite, solid	1.4
Bark	0.25
Barite	4.5
Barium	3.62
Barium sulfate	4.5
Basalt, broken	1.95
Basalt solid	3.0
Beeswax	0.95
Bentonite	2.4
Beryllium	1.848
Bismuth	9.79
Borax min.	1.7
Borax min.	1.8
Boron	2.32
Brass, cast rolled	8.4 - 8.7
Brick, common red	1.75
Brick, fire clay (firebrick)	2.4
Brick, hard	2.0
Brickwork, in cement	1.8
Brickwork, in mortar	1.6
Brickwood, in cement	1.8
Brickwood, in mortar	1.6
Bronze aluminum	7.7
Bronze phosphor	8.88
Bronze, 7.9 - 14% Sn	7.4 - 8.9
Cadmium	8.65
Calcium	4.58
Calcium carbonate	2.7
Carbon, solid	2.1
Carbon, powdered	0.08
Cement	1.2 - 1.5
Cement, Portland (set)	3.1
Cerium	6.77
Cesium	1.873
Chalk	2.3
Charcoal, wood	0.4
Chromium	7.19
Chromium dioxide (Cr203)	5.22
Clay min.	1.8
Clay max.	2.6
Coal, anthracite	1.5
Coal, bitumious	1.2
Coal, slag	2.7
Cobalt	8.71
Concrete, ligth	1.4
Concrete, stone	2.2
Corkboard	0.2
Copper	8.89
CPVC	1.55
Diamond	3.51
Dolomite rock	2.9
Dysprosium	8.55
Earth, dry	1.4
Emery	4.0
Epoxy	1.8
Erbium	9.066
Europium	5.244
Ferrosilicon - 15%	6.7 - 7.1
Fiberboard, ligth	0.24
Fiber hardboard	1.1
Flint stones / pebbles	2.4 - 2.6
Gadolinium	7.9
Gallium	5.91
Germanium	5.32
German silver	8.58
Glass min.	2.4
Glass max.	2.8
Glass beads	2.5
Glass crystal min.	2.9
Glass crystal max.	3
Glass plate min.	2.45
Glass plate max.	2.72
Gold, 22 carat fine	17.5
Gold, pure	19.32
Gold. US coin	17.18 - 17.2
Granite min.	2.4
Graphite	2.07
Gypsum, solid	2.8
Gypsum, board	0.8
Hafnium	13.31
Hairfelt	0.1
Hematite	5.2
Holmium	8.795
Hornblende	3
Ice (0oC, 32oF)	0.92
Ilmenite	4.5- 5.0
Indium	7.31
Iodine	4.93
Iridium min.	21.78
Iridium max.	22.42
Iron cast min.	7.03
Iron cast max.	7.13
Iron carbonate	3.9 +
Iron slag	2.7
Iron wrought min.	7.6
Iron wrought max.	7.9
Lanthanum	6.17
Leather, dry	0.9
Limestone min.	2.1
Limestone max.	2.86
Lead	11.35
Lead ore, galena	7.3 - 7.6
Lead oxide (yellow)	9.5 - 9.9
Leather	0.95
Limestone	2.6
Lithium	0.53
Lutetium	9.84
Magnesite	3
Magnetite	3.2
Manganese	7.21 - 7.44
Manganese ore, pyrolusite	3.7 - 4.6
Magnesium	1.738
Marble min.	2.6
Marble max.	2.86
Masonry	2.4
Mercury	13.534
Mica	2.7
Mineral wool blanket	0.1
Molybdenum	10.22
Monel metal, rolled	8.97
Mortar	1.5
Mullite beads	2.8
Neodymium	7.00
Nickel	8.90
Niobium (Columbium)	8.57
Nylon 6 Cast	1.16
Oak, red	0.7
Osmium	22.57
Paper	0.9
Palladium	12.02
Paraffin wax	0.9
Phosphorus	1.8
Plaster, light	0.7
Plaster, sand	1.8
Plaster of Paris	1.8
Plastics, foamed	0.2
Plastics, solid	1.2
Platinum	21.45
Plutonium	19.84
Polycarbonate	1.19
Polyethylene	0.97
Polypropylene	0.91
Porcelain	2.5
Potassium	0.86
Praseodymium	6.77
PTFE	2.19
Quarts min.	2.5
Quarts max.	2.8
Quartz sand	7.00
Rhenium	21.02
Rhodium	12.41
Rubidium	1.532
Ruthenium	12.45
Salt	2.2
Samarium	7.52
Sand, silica	2.6
Sand, Quartz	7.0
Sandstone min.	2
Sandstone max.	2.6
Sawdust	0.15
Selenium	4.28
Scandium	2.989
Serpentine min.	2.7
Selenium	4.8
Serpentine max.	2.8
Sialon	3.26
Silica aerogel	0.11
Silicon	2.33
Silicon carbide	3.1
Silicon nitride	3.2
Silver	10.50
Silver, German	8.58
Slate	2.8
Soapstone	2.7
Sodium	0.968
Steatite beads	2.6 - 2.7
Steel, 440C stainless	7.7
Steel, carbon	7.8
Steel, chrome	7.8
Steel, cold-drawn	7.83
Steel, machine	7.80
Steel, tool	7.70 - 7.73
Strontium	2.64
Sulfur	2.0
Talc min.	2.6
Talc max.	2.8
Tantalium	16.69
Tar, bituminous	1.2
Tellurium min.	6
Tellurium max.	6.24
Thallium	11.85
Thorium	11.7
Thulium	9.32
Tile	1.8
Tin	7.31
Tin ore, cassiterite	6.4 - 7.0
63 Sn & 37 Pb	8.42
10 Sn & 90 Pb	10.50
Titanium	4.506
Titanium dioxide, Anatase	3.77
Trap rock	3.0
Tungsten	19.22
Tungsten carbide	14.29
Uranium	18.8
Vanadium	5.96
Vermiculite	0.13
Vinyl ester	1.8
Water	1.0
White metal	7.3
Wood, balsa	0.16
Wood, oak	0.7
Wood, white pine	0.5
Wood, felt	0.3
Wood, loose	0.1
Wool	1.32
Ytterbium	6.97
Yttrium	4.47
Zinc, cast-rolled	6.9 - 7.2
Zinc blend min	3.9
Zinc blend max	4.2
Zinc min.	6.9
Zinc max.	7.2
Zirconium	6.506
Zirconium silicate	3.85

SI Units Conversion

SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS

APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS
SYMBOL	WHEN YOU KNOW	MULTIPLY BY	TO FIND	SYMBOL
LENGTH
in	inches	25.4	millimeters	mm
ft	feet	0.305	meters	m
yd	yards	0.914	meters	m
mi	miles	1.61	kilometers	km
AREA
in2	square inches	645.2	square millimeters	mm2
ft2	square feet	0.093	square meters	m2
yd2	square yard	0.836	square meters	m2
ac	acres	0.405	hectares	ha
mi2	square miles	2.59	square kilometers	km2
VOLUME
fl oz	fluid ounces	29.57	milliliters	mL
gal	gallons	3.785	liters	L
ft3	cubic feet	0.028	cubic meters	m3
yd3	cubic yards	0.765	cubic meters	m3
NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3
MASS
oz	ounces	28.35	grams	g
lb	pounds	0.454	kilograms	kg
T	short tons (2000 lb)	0.907	megagrams (or "metric ton")	Mg (or "t")
TEMPERATURE (exact degrees)
oF	Fahrenheit	5 (F-32)/9 or (F-32)/1.8	Celsius	oC
ILLUMINATION
fc	foot-candles	10.76	lux	lx
fl	foot-Lamberts	3.426	candela/m2	cd/m2
FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS
lbf	poundforce	4.45	newtons	N
lbf/in2	poundforce per square inch	6.89	kilopascals	kPa

APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS
SYMBOL	WHEN YOU KNOW	MULTIPLY BY	TO FIND	SYMBOL
LENGTH
mm	millimeters	0.039	inches	in
m	meters	3.28	feet	ft
m	meters	1.09	yards	yd
km	kilometers	0.621	miles	mi
AREA
mm2	square millimeters	0.0016	square inches	in2
m2	square meters	10.764	square feet	ft2
m2	square meters	1.195	square yards	yd2
ha	hectares	2.47	acres	ac
km2	square kilometers	0.386	square miles	mi2
VOLUME
mL	milliliters	0.034	fluid ounces	fl oz
L	liters	0.264	gallons	gal
m3	cubic meters	35.314	cubic feet	ft3
m3	cubic meters	1.307	cubic yards	yd3
MASS
g	grams	0.035	ounces	oz
kg	kilograms	2.202	pounds	lb
Mg (or "t")	megagrams (or "metric ton")	1.103	short tons (2000 lb)	T
TEMPERATURE (exact degrees)
oC	Celsius	1.8C+32	Fahrenheit	oF
ILLUMINATION
lx	lux	0.0929	foot-candles	fc
cd/m2	candela/m2	0.2919	foot-Lamberts	fl
FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS
N	newtons	0.225	poundforce	lbf
kPa	kilopascals	0.145	poundforce per square inch	lbf/in2

*SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380.
(Revised March 2003)